Ducati Panigale V4 mods & upgrades
The Panigale V4 is the flagship of the highest-attach-rate ownership culture in motorcycling.
- Engine1103 cc Desmosedici Stradale 90° V4, counter-rotating crank
- Power~214–216 hp (claimed, varies by year)
- Torque~91 lb-ft (claimed)
- Wet weight~430–436 lb (claimed kerb, S vs base)
- Seat height32.7 in (2018–21) / 33.5 in (2022+)
Parts that fit the Panigale V4
85 parts in 13 categories, with typical prices — verify fitment for your exact year and market.
| Part | Tier | Typical price | Fitment | Add to sheet |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Exhaust3 fitThe Akrapovič full titanium race system is the canonical V4 purchase — it deletes the underbelly cat, sheds claimed double-digit pounds, and requires the matching map. SC-Project and Termignoni are the alternatives. Slip-ons are a sound-and-looks play here more than most bikes. | ||||
| Arrow Competition full system | premium | $2,300 | fits: verified · 2025+None for 2018–24 | Add to sheet |
| SC-Project S1 slip-on | premium | $1,000 | fits: verified · 2019–21Half-system with link pipe | Add to sheet |
| Toce Performance slip-on | mid | $850 | fits: verified · 2018+V4 and V4 S | Add to sheet |
| Tune6 fitFull systems pair with the Ducati Performance up-map or an independent flash. The stock ECU also gates fan behavior and throttle response that tuners adjust — worth it even before exhaust work on some years. | ||||
| Woolich Racing flash kit + license | premium | $500 | fits: verified · 2018–26Panigale V4/V4 S/V4 R 2018–26 | Add to sheet |
| Sprint Filter P08 air filter | premium | $120 | fits: verified · 2018+Panigale V4 / S / SP / R 2018+ (PM160S) | Add to sheet |
| DNA performance air filter | mid | $110 | fits: verified · 2018–25P-DU11S19-01 | Add to sheet |
| BMC race air filter | mid | $95 | fits: verified · 2018+FM01012/01RACE, same part as Streetfighter V4 | Add to sheet |
| 2 Wheel DynoWorks mail-in ECU flash | budget | $320 | fits: verifiedNo year limit given | Add to sheet |
| K&N high-flow air filter | budget | $95 | fits: reported · 2022–24DU-1118 | Add to sheet |
| Suspension7 fitV4 S runs Öhlins Smart EC 2.0 semi-active (NIX30 to 2021, NPX25/30 pressurized from 2022); the base bike runs Showa/Sachs. Setup for your weight first. Race conversions to mechanical cartridges exist but cost real money — talk to your trackside tuner before ordering. | ||||
| Öhlins FGRT 200-series complete fork set | premium | $2,970 | fits: verified · 2018–24 | Add to sheet |
| Öhlins TTX GP rear shock | premium | $1,650 | fits: verified · 2018–25V4 R also 2026 | Add to sheet |
| K-Tech DDS Lite rear shock | premium | $1,400 | fits: verifiedPanigale V4/V4 S 2018–24, V4 R 2019–24 | Add to sheet |
| Öhlins NIX30 fork cartridge kit | premium | $1,300 | fits: verified · 2018–25 | Add to sheet |
| Öhlins steering damper | premium | $490 | fits: verified · 2018–26 | Add to sheet |
| Nitron R1 rear shock | mid | $810 | fits: verified · 2018–24Not 2025+ | Add to sheet |
| Andreani Misano fork cartridge kit | mid | $770 | fits: verified · 2025Showa BPF fork | Add to sheet |
| Brakes9 fitStylema calipers stock — you upgrade consumables, not hardware. Brembo Z04 pads are the track default; an RCS Corsa Corta master is for feel preference, not necessity. Brake cooling ducts show up once you're racing. | ||||
| Brembo GP4-RX caliper pair | premium | $3,170 | fits: reported · 2018+100 mm kit | Add to sheet |
| Brembo T-Drive front rotor pair | premium | $1,480 | fits: reported · 2018+ | Add to sheet |
| Brembo 19 RCS Corsa Corta master cylinder | premium | $690 | fits: reported · 2018+Twin discs, four-piston calipers | Add to sheet |
| Galfer Wave front rotor pair | premium | $620 | fits: verified · 2018+ | Add to sheet |
| Brembo 19 RCS radial master cylinder | premium | $600 | fits: reported · 2018+Twin discs, four-piston calipers | Add to sheet |
| SBS Dual Sinter race pads (per caliper) | premium | $180 | fits: reportedPanigale V4 2018–24 (841DS) & 2025+ (1012DS); V4 R 2019–26 (841DS) | Add to sheet |
| Vesrah SRJL-XX race pads (per caliper) | premium | $140 | fits: reported · 2018–24VD-9031 | Add to sheet |
| EBC Double-H sintered pads (per caliper) | budget | $50 | fits: verifiedPanigale V4 2018–24 (FA447HH) & 2025 (FA782HH) | Add to sheet |
| Motul RBF 600 racing brake fluid | budget | $25 eBay — $24.99 checked Oct 14 (opens in new tab) | fits: verifiedNon-silicone synthetic racing brake fluid for hydraulic brake and clutch systems; exceeds DOT 3 and 5.1. | Add to sheet |
| Tires & Wheels6 fitWheels: The S already has forged aluminum wheels, so gains are smaller than on base models. Carbon (BST, Rotobox) and forged magnesium (Marchesini) are the upgrade tiers — $3,000–6,500+ per set, the most expensive single decision on the bike. | ||||
| Pirelli Diablo Supercorsa SP V4 set | premium | $560 | fits: verified · 2018+120/70 front, 200/60 rear | Add to sheet |
| Pirelli Diablo Superbike slick set | premium | $500 | fits: reported · 2018+120/70 front, 200/60 rear | Add to sheet |
| Pirelli Diablo Rosso IV set | mid | $440 | fits: verified · 2018+120/70 front, 200/60 rear | Add to sheet |
| MOTO-D single-temp tire warmers | mid | $400 | fits: verified · 2018+120/70 front, 200/60 rear | Add to sheet |
| Dunlop Sportmax Q5 set | budget | $510 | fits: verified · 2018+120/70 front, 200/60 rear | Add to sheet |
| Pirelli Diablo Supercorsa SC V4 set | budget | $450 | fits: reported · 2018+120/70 front, 200/60 rear | Add to sheet |
| Levers7 fit | ||||
| ASV C5 folding lever pair | premium | $300 | fits: verified · 2018–26V4 R too | Add to sheet |
| Gilles Tooling FXL adjustable lever pair | premium | $260 | fits: verifiedPanigale V4/S 2018–25; V4 R 2019+; SP2 2021–24 | Add to sheet |
| Puig 3.0 lever pair | premium | $240 | fits: verifiedPanigale V4/S 2018–24; V4 R 2020–24; not the 2025+ generation | Add to sheet |
| Bonamici EVO brake lever guard | premium | $230 eBay — $258.30 checked Oct 14 (opens in new tab) | fits: reportedSold without adapter; needs a Bonamici adapter chosen by bar-end inner diameter (13–21 mm) or by bike | Add to sheet |
| CRG RC2 lever pair | premium | $220 | fits: reported · 2018–24V4 R brake lever 2019–22 | Add to sheet |
| Pazzo shorty lever pair | mid | $200 | fits: verified · 2018–25S, R and Corse too | Add to sheet |
| Womet-Tech Evos shorty lever pair | budget | $110 | fits: verifiedPanigale V4, V4 S and V4 R; no year limit given | Add to sheet |
| Rearsets7 fitBonamici, CNC Racing, Gilles Tooling around $500–700. The 2022 ergonomic change (higher pegs, new heel guards) splits fitment — a '2018–2024' listing is a red flag, not a convenience. | ||||
| LighTech R-version rearsets | premium | $970 | fits: reportedPanigale V4/S 2018–25; V4 R 2019–24 | Add to sheet |
| Gilles Tooling MUE2 rearsets | premium | $900 | fits: verifiedPanigale V4/S 2018+; V4 R 2023+ only | Add to sheet |
| Bonamici rearsets | premium | $670 | fits: verified · 2018–26Panigale V4/S/R 2018–26 (Pista track sets too) | Add to sheet |
| Attack Performance rearsets | premium | $620 | fits: verified · 2018+ | Add to sheet |
| Sato Racing rearsets | premium | $600 | fits: verified · 2018–24Panigale V4/S/R 2018–24 | Add to sheet |
| Woodcraft complete rearset kit | mid | $530 | fits: verified · 2018+V4 R 2024–25 not listed | Add to sheet |
| Arashi V2.0 adjustable rearsets | budget | $170 | fits: verified · 2018–21Panigale V4/S/R 2018–21 | Add to sheet |
| Clip-ons & Throttle4 fit | ||||
| Gilles Tooling GPL2 clip-ons | premium | $270 | fits: verified · 2025+Panigale V4/V4 S 2025+ (53 mm clip-ons; V4 R 2026+ needs bracket STR-KL-500-2) | Add to sheet |
| Woodcraft 3-piece clip-ons | mid | $160 | fits: verified35 mm front-mount, 53 mm zero-offset and damper-bracket sets | Add to sheet |
| Domino A450 race grips | budget | $30 eBay — $29.95 checked Oct 14 (opens in new tab) | fits: verifiedUniversal 22 mm (7/8 in) open-end race grips, 120–125 mm, for twist throttles | Add to sheet |
| ProGrip 717 grips | budget | $18 eBay — $17.98 checked Oct 14 (opens in new tab) | fits: verifiedUniversal open-end race grip, 122 mm long, fits 22-25 mm bars; the RA version is 125 mm | Add to sheet |
| Crash Protection7 fitCase covers are near-mandatory for track use. Frame sliders on faired Ducatis are genuinely debated; wing protectors and axle sliders are cheap by comparison. CNC Racing and GB Racing-pattern covers dominate. | ||||
| GB Racing engine cover set | premium | $320 | fits: verified · 2018–26Panigale V4/V4 S 2018–26 (V4 R 2019–24 and 2026 too) | Add to sheet |
| Evotech Performance radiator guard | premium | $110 | fits: verified · 2018+ | Add to sheet |
| R&G engine case cover kit | mid | $220 | fits: verified · 2018+V4 R 2019+ too; race kit only | Add to sheet |
| R&G Aero frame sliders | mid | $140 | fits: verified · 2018–21V4 R 2020 only; an inner-panel-only drill kit is sold for 2018+ | Add to sheet |
| T-Rex Racing engine case covers | budget | $140 | fits: verified · 2018–24Panigale V4 / S / R 2018–24 (not 2025+) | Add to sheet |
| R&G fork protectors | budget | $60 | fits: verified · 2018+2025+ uses the APEX version | Add to sheet |
| R&G bar end sliders | budget | $55 | fits: verified · 2018+V4 R 2020+ too | Add to sheet |
| Tail Tidy & Billet7 fitCNC Racing, Evotech, and New Rage Cycles make clean V4-specific kits; the license-plate arm unbolts as a unit. | ||||
| Rizoma Fox license plate support | premium | $320 | fits: verified · 2018+PT532/533 2018–19, PT538/539 2019–24, PT546 from 2025 | Add to sheet |
| Evotech Performance tail tidy | premium | $230 | fits: verified · 2018+ | Add to sheet |
| New Rage Cycles fender eliminator | mid | $180 | fits: verified · 2018+Kits for 2018–24 and 2025+ | Add to sheet |
| R&G tail tidy | mid | $160 | fits: verified · 2018+V4 R 2019+ too; 2025+ has its own kit | Add to sheet |
| Competition Werkes fender eliminator | mid | $120 | fits: verified · 2018–24 | Add to sheet |
| TST Elite-1 fender eliminator | mid | $85 | fits: verified · 2025+ | Add to sheet |
| Motodynamic sequential LED tail light | budget | $110 | fits: verified · 2018–242025+ not covered | Add to sheet |
| Bodywork8 fitIlmberger and Fullsix own the carbon catalog (tank covers ~$500, huggers ~$425 typical street price). Race fiberglass must accommodate the underbelly exhaust; winglet-equipped fairings (2020+) are their own fitment branch. | ||||
| Ilmberger carbon rear hugger | premium | $290 | fits: verified · 2018+Sold as a rear fender; separate 2025+ part | Add to sheet |
| Ilmberger carbon front fender | premium | $270 | fits: verified · 2018+2025+ uses a different fender | Add to sheet |
| MRA race windscreen | mid | $140 | fits: verified · 2018–19 & 2025+2020–24 gets only the Sport screen | Add to sheet |
| Puig R-Racer windscreen | mid | $130 | fits: verified · 2018+ | Add to sheet |
| Zero Gravity Corsa windscreen | mid | $120 | fits: verified · 2018+2018–19 V4/V4S: no-winglet screen; V4R and 2020+: winglet screens | Add to sheet |
| Zero Gravity Double Bubble windscreen | mid | $115 | fits: verified · 2018+2018–19 V4/V4S: no-winglet screen; V4R and 2020+: winglet screens | Add to sheet |
| TechSpec Snake Skin tank grips | budget | $80 | fits: reported · 2018–25 | Add to sheet |
| Stompgrip tank grip kit | budget | $65 | fits: verifiedPanigale V4 2018–26 (kits for 2018–21, 2022–24, 2025–26); V4 R 2019–24 only | Add to sheet |
| Quickshifternone listed yetDQS up/down comes standard on every V4 — money goes to setup and consumables, not shift hardware. | ||||
| Nothing listed for this bike yet | ||||
| Drivetrain5 fit520 conversion with track-specific gearing is common on track V4s; stock gearing is tall for most US circuits. Regina/DID chains with Superlite or Driven sprockets are the usual combination. | ||||
| DID ERV7 520 race chain | premium | $300 | fits: reported · 2019–24Panigale V4 R 2019–24 (520 pitch; not the 1,103 cc V4) | Add to sheet |
| EK MVXZ2 520 chain | mid | $180 | fits: reported · 2025–26520 pitch; V4 R 2019–24 too | Add to sheet |
| Renthal Ultralight rear sprocket | mid | $100 | fits: verified · 2018–24520 or 525 pitch | Add to sheet |
| Driven aluminum rear sprocket | mid | $85 | fits: verified · 2018–20 & 2022–24520 or 525 pitch | Add to sheet |
| Superlite steel rear sprocket | mid | $60 | fits: verifiedPanigale V4/V4S 2018–26 and V4 R 2019–24 (RS or RSX steel) | Add to sheet |
| Electronics9 fit | ||||
| AiM MXS Strada race dash | premium | $1,400 | fits: reportedUniversal dash; kits ship with a 14-pin CAN or OBD CAN+K harness; AiM claims 2,000+ supported ECUs | Add to sheet |
| AiM Solo 2 DL lap timer | premium | $850 eBay — $899.00 checked Oct 14 (opens in new tab) | fits: reportedUniversal GPS lap timer; the DL adds ECU logging via CAN/RS232/K-line; dedicated bike kits available | Add to sheet |
| Antigravity RE-START lithium battery | premium | $220 | fits: verified · 2011–22Panigale 2011–22 (AT7B-BS, sold for every Panigale; V4 2023+ not listed) | Add to sheet |
| AiM Solo 2 lap timer | mid | $480 eBay — $499.00 checked Oct 14 (opens in new tab) | fits: verifiedUniversal GPS lap timer; no ECU connection | Add to sheet |
| Starlane Stealth-5 lap timer | mid | $460 eBay — $465.40 checked Oct 14 (opens in new tab) | fits: verifiedWires to the bike's 12 V battery (cable supplied) or an optional battery case; mounts included | Add to sheet |
| Shorai LFM lithium battery | mid | $180 | fits: verified · 2018–26Panigale V4/S 2018–26 (LFM14A2-BS12) | Add to sheet |
| Healtech exhaust servo eliminator | mid | $70 | fits: verified · 2018–26ESE-D03 to 2023, D07 from 2024 | Add to sheet |
| Servo Buddy exhaust servo eliminator | mid | $70 | fits: reported · 2018–24Panigale V4/R/S 2018–24 | Add to sheet |
| Healtech Brake Light Pro flasher module | mid | $65 | fits: verified · 2018–26BLP-U04 | Add to sheet |
Some links may earn Unstocked a commission at no cost to you. Prices shown are typical street prices — always verify fitment and price at the retailer. Model-specific parts (exhausts, rearsets, bodywork) can run 2–3× between bikes — the sheet shows a typical figure.
What the Panigale V4 runs stock
| Part | What it came with | Years |
|---|---|---|
| Suspension | Öhlins Smart EC 2.0 semi-active suspension (V4 S) the S runs electronic Öhlins — NIX30 fork and TTX36 shock; the base V4 runs mechanical, fully adjustable Showa BPF fork and Sachs shock | 2018–2021 |
| Suspension | Öhlins Smart EC 2.0 semi-active suspension (V4 S) the S runs electronic Öhlins — NPX25/30 pressurized 43 mm fork and TTX36 shock; the base V4 runs mechanical, fully adjustable Showa BPF fork and Sachs shock | 2022–2024 |
| Suspension | Öhlins Smart EC 3.0 semi-active suspension (V4 S) the 2025+ S steps to Smart EC 3.0 electronic Öhlins — NPX25/30 fork and TTX36 shock; the base V4 runs mechanical, fully adjustable Showa BPF fork and Sachs shock | 2025+ |
| Brakes | Brembo Stylema front calipers 4-piston monoblocs on dual 330 mm front discs | 2018–2021 |
| Brakes | Brembo Stylema (M4.30) front calipers radial-mount 4-piston monoblocs on dual 330 mm front discs | 2022–2024 |
| Brakes | Brembo Hypure front calipers the 2025+ bike moves to radial-mount 4-piston Brembo Hypure monoblocs on dual 330 mm front discs | 2025+ |
| Tires & Wheels | 120/70-17 front · 200/60-17 rear — the 200/60 rear is a Ducati/Pirelli bespoke size introduced on the V4 | 2018–2021 · 2022–2024 · 2025+ |
| Tires & Wheels | Pirelli Diablo Supercorsa SP co-developed factory OE tire, badged Supercorsa SP-V4 from 2025 OE-spec tire — the same-name retail Supercorsa can be a different spec; match the exact OE size and version | 2018–2021 · 2022–2024 · 2025+ |
| Quickshifter | Ducati Quick Shift (DQS) up/down bidirectional quickshifter, standard on both the base V4 and the S | 2018–2021 · 2022–2024 · 2025+ |
| Electronics | electronics suite 6-axis IMU with Bosch Cornering ABS, traction, wheelie and slide control, engine brake control and power launch | 2018–2021 |
| Electronics | electronics suite riding and power modes, Bosch Cornering ABS EVO, Ducati Traction Control (DTC) EVO 3, Wheelie Control (DWC) EVO, Slide Control (DSC), Engine Brake Control (EBC) EVO 2 and Power Launch (DPL) | 2022–2024 |
| Electronics | electronics suite the 2025+ bike replaces Bosch Cornering ABS with Race eCBS and the Ducati Vehicle Observer (DVO): riding and power modes, DTC DVO, DWC DVO, Slide Control (DSC), Engine Brake Control (EBC) and Power Launch (DPL) | 2025+ |
From the manufacturers' press material; entries marked reported come from other sources. Check against your exact model year. Stock parts for every bike →
Why mod a Panigale V4
The Panigale V4 is the flagship of the highest-attach-rate ownership culture in motorcycling — the Italian carbon and billet ecosystem (Ilmberger, CNC Racing, Rizoma) practically revolves around it, and a full titanium race system remains the most-discussed single purchase in the Ducati world.
Panigale V4 street mods, in order
Tail tidy first
The stock plate hanger hides one of the best tails in production. Fender eliminator plus integrated or flush signals is the universal day-one move.
Levers, grips, tank grips
Adjustable levers and tank grips before anything mechanical — the V4's braking loads make tank grips more than cosmetic even on the street.
Slip-on, eyes open
An Akrapovič slip-on trims weight and adds voice, but the stock underbelly cat stays. Know going in that the real transformation is the full system, at several times the price.
Protection before power
Engine case covers, frame slider kit if you accept the trade-offs, and wing protection when parking around other humans. Carbon wings are painful to replace after a tip-over.
Full system + up-map as one purchase
The full titanium race system deletes the cat 'shoebox' under the engine and needs the matching race map. Budget exhaust and ECU work as a single line item — typical street price for the pair runs well into four figures.
Comfort and heat management
A comfort seat and good gear matter — the rear bank runs hot in traffic even with cylinder deactivation at idle. This is the honest street tax on 200+ claimed horsepower.
Panigale V4 track build, in order
Tires and warmers
The V4 has run a 200/60 rear since its 2018 launch — the size the chassis was developed around — Supercorsa SC or slicks with warmers once pace justifies it. Warmers must match the 200/60 profile.
Pads, fluid, lever guard
Stock Brembo Stylema calipers want nothing but Z04-grade pads and fresh RBF-grade fluid for track work. Lever guard is mandatory in most orgs.
Learn the electronic suspension before replacing it
On the S, Öhlins Smart EC 2.0 setup (event-based interface) solves most complaints for free. Serious race conversion means mechanical NPX/TTX or K-Tech internals — a big, deliberate step.
Rearsets and case covers
Bonamici, CNC Racing, and Gilles make V4-specific sets — note the 2022 peg-position change when buying used. Case covers before your first race weekend, not after.
Race bodywork with a real belly pan
Race fiberglass must clear the underbelly exhaust and include a fluid-catching belly pan to pass tech. 2018–19, 2020–21, 2022–24, and 2025+ fairings all differ — buy for your exact years.
Full system, 520 chain, data
Full titanium system with race map, 520 chain conversion with track-specific gearing, and a lap timer or the stock dash's data if you're disciplined about reviewing it.
Panigale V4 fitment by year (2018–2026)
- V4 / V4 S (gen 1)2018–2021
1103 cc Desmosedici Stradale, ~214 hp claimed, single-sided swingarm. Mid-generation split: 2020 brought the V4 R-derived winglet fairing and front-frame revisions, so 2018–19 and 2020–21 bodywork differ even inside 'gen 1' listings.
- V4 / V4 S (gen 2)2022–2024
~215.5 hp claimed, WSBK-derived gearbox ratios, new fairing and tank shape, higher footpegs. The S moved to the Öhlins NPX25/30 pressurized fork. Rearsets, tank grips, and bodywork split from 2018–21 here.
- V4 / V4 S (gen 3)2025+
Seventh-generation Panigale: new front frame, ~216 hp claimed, and the first double-sided ('hollow symmetrical') swingarm on a Panigale. Stands, spools, huggers, and chassis-side parts from 2018–24 do not carry over.
- V4 R2019+
998 cc homologation special with different internals, aero, and gearing. Plenty of chassis parts overlap with same-year V4s, but engine-side and exhaust fitment is R-specific — check every SKU.
Panigale V4 gotchas — read before buying
Panigale V4 parts interchange
Reported by riders; verify before buying. Full chart → See also: Ducati Streetfighter V4.
- Community-reported: the Streetfighter V4 shares the 1103 engine and front frame, so engine case covers, clutch parts, and some master-cylinder fitments cross between same-era Panigale V4 and Streetfighter V4. Ergonomics and bodywork do not.
- Community-reported: 2020–21 V4 fairings follow the V4 R aero design, and some R aero pieces fit 2020–21 V4/V4 S bikes.
- Community-reported: SP-model take-offs (forged wheels, dry-clutch parts on Streetfighter SP variants) circulate on forums and fit base V4s where the era matches — verify per part before paying take-off prices.
Ducati Panigale V4 mods FAQ
Do I need a tune after putting an exhaust on a Panigale V4?
For a slip-on, most owners run the stock map without drama. For a full system or cat delete, yes — the matching Ducati Performance up-map or an independent flash is effectively part of the purchase. Without it the bike runs lean and complains on the dash.
What changed on the 2022 Panigale V4?
New fairing and tank, higher footpegs, WSBK-derived gearbox ratios, ~215.5 hp claimed, and the Öhlins NPX25/30 pressurized fork on the S. For parts buyers the practical effect is a fitment split at 2022 for rearsets, tank grips, and bodywork.
Will 2018–2024 Panigale V4 parts fit the 2025 model?
Chassis-side parts largely won't — the 2025 generation moved to a double-sided swingarm and a new front frame, so stands, spools, huggers, rearsets, and bodywork are new fitments. Some engine-side parts may carry over; verify each SKU against 2025+ listings.
Is the base V4 or the V4 S the better track build?
The base bike is the better value if you plan a full mechanical suspension conversion anyway — you're not paying for Smart EC hardware you'll remove. The S makes sense if you'll keep and learn the electronic Öhlins, which is genuinely capable once set up. Either way, tires, pads, and setup come before any of it.
What rear tire size does the Panigale V4 use?
The V4 has shipped on a 200/60 ZR17 rear since its 2018 launch — it was the first production bike to run the race-derived size, developed with Pirelli. Check that warmers and stands accommodate the taller profile.